摘要:人类在经过漫长的奋斗历程后,在改造自然和发展社会经济方面取得了辉煌的业绩,与此同时,生态破坏与环境污染,对人类的生存和发展已构成了现实威胁。保护和改善生态环境,实现人类社会的持续发展,是全人类紧迫而艰巨的任务。因此,环境保护与实现可持续发展,是一个一而二,二而一的任务。保护环境是实现可持续发展的前提,也只有实现了可持续发展,生态环境才能真正得到有效的保护,保护生态环境,确保人与自然的和谐,是经济能够得到进一步发展的前提,也是人类文明得以延续的保证。
Abstract: after a long struggle, human in remaking nature and developing the social economy has achieved brilliant results, at the same time, ecological destruction and environmental pollution, to human survival and development have constituted a real threat. The protection and improvement of ecological environment, realize the sustainable development of human society, is mankind urgent and arduous task. Therefore, environmental protection and sustainable development, it is a one and two, two and a task. To protect the environment is the precondition of sustainable development, also only realize the sustainable development, ecological environment to actually get effective protection, protect the ecological environment, to ensure the harmony of man and nature, is the precondition for the economy can get further development, is also possible the continuation of human civilization.
关键词:环境保护;可持续发展;和谐发展
Key words: environmental protection; Sustainable development; The harmonious development of
1可持续发展的实质
1 the essence of the sustainable development
可持续发展既是满足当代的需要,又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。可持续发展包含二个重要的内涵:一是需要,指满足人类基本需要和提高生活质量的需要,将基本需要放在特别优先的地位来考虑;二是限制,指人类的发展和需要应以地球上资源的承受能力为限度,通过人类技术的进步和管理活动,对发展进行协调与限制,要对环境满足眼前和将来需要的能力施加限制,以求与自然环境容量相适应。没有限制的发展,便不能持续。生态持续发展是可持续发展的保障,经济持续发展是可持续发展的手段,社会持续发展是可持续的最终目标。随着环境问题的出现,倡导可持续发展模式更是迫在眉急的。当今世界面临着人口、资源、环境和发展一系列重大问题。可持续发展概念是在人类深刻认识环境与资源的可持续能力基础上提出的。它是源于环境保护的。人类是自然的一部分,人类与自然界是不可分割的整体,人必须与自然协调才能持续生存。不适当的生产和生活方式是地球环境所面临的最严重问题之一。工业革命以来,尤其是第二次世界大战以后,西方国家竞相追求经济的高速发展,通过大量消耗不可再生资源,促进经济的快速增长和维持较高消费水平的需要。工业生产虽然增长了几十倍,但却出现人口膨胀、资源短缺、环境恶化、生态破坏、贫困加剧和各国发展失衡的社会矛盾。可见经济要持续发展,社会能够和谐发展,保护好环境是关键可持续发展的思路,不但涉及人类未来的前途和命运,而且发展就是高消耗,高增长的消费经济模式,不考虑自然的承受能力,以大量消耗自然资源来促进经济发展,造成人与自然环境的不协调。可持续发展是将自然界普遍存在的物质不灭和能量守恒定律,应用到作为有机整体的人与自然环境系统。满足人类需求是社会发展的中心。要求人类在尽量减少资源消耗的基础上,提高资源的利用率,做到少投入多产出,促进可再生资源的增长,使系统内部在相互协调的情况下,物质能量的转化率达到最佳效果,以满足人们的需求。同时要求人们在消费时,尽可能地多利用少排放,以减少自然的负荷,使系统的结构和功能保持良好状态,成为人类与自然环境相互协调的可持续发展的新模式。
Sustainable development is not only meet the needs of contemporary, and no future generations to meet their development need the ability to constitute a hazard. Sustainable development contains two important connotation: one is the need, to meet the needs of the human basic needs and improve the quality of life, the basic needs in special preferred position to consider; Second, restrictions, refers to the development of human beings and need should be on earth resources to bear ability as the limit, through the human progress of technology and management activities, to coordinate development and limits, to the environment's ability to meet present and future need to impose restrictions, in order to adapted to natural environment capacity. There is no limit to development, cannot continue. Ecological sustainable development is the guarantee of sustainable development, sustainable economic development is the means of sustainable development, sustainable development is the ultimate goal of a sustainable society. With the emergence of environment problems, advocate the sustainable development model is an eyebrow is urgent. In the world today is faced with population, resources, environment and development of a series of major issues. Concept of sustainable development is the human profound understanding on the basis of environment and resource sustainability. It is originated from environmental protection. Human beings are part of nature, human and nature is an integral whole, people must coordinate with nature to continue to live. Not proper production and way of life is one of the most serious problem faced by the earth's environment. Since the industrial revolution, especially after the second world war, western countries rushed to the pursuit of the high speed development of economy, through a lot of consumption of non-renewable resources, promote the rapid economic growth and maintain a high level of consumption needs. Although industrial production increased by several times, but population expansion, resource shortages, environmental degradation, ecological destruction, poverty and unbalanced development of social contradictions. Visible economic sustainable development, can the harmonious development of society, protect the good environment is the key idea of sustainable development, not only involving human future and fate in the future, and development is high consumption, high growth of the consumer economy pattern, regardless of the nature of the bear ability, to a large number of consumption of natural resources to promote economic development, causes the human and the nature environment. Sustainable development is the common nature of the material conservation and the law of conservation of energy, applied to the system as an organic whole of the human and the nature environment. Meet the demand of human is the center of the social development. Require us to reduce resource consumption, on the basis of improve the utilization rate of resources and do less input than output, promote the growth of the renewable resources, make the system under the condition of the mutual coordination, material energy conversion to achieve the best effect, in order to satisfy people's needs. Asked people in the consumption at the same time, use less emissions as much as possible, so as to reduce the load of the nature, make the system structure and function of keep a good state, become the sustainable development of human and natural environment harmonious new pattern.
2环境功能和环境问题
2 environment function and the environment
人类社会的发展不可能脱离周围环境而孤立地进行。环境是社会发展的经常必要的条件之一,趁着加速或延缓社会发展进程的作用环境对社会发展所起的促进或阻延的作用体现了生产力不断提高和自然资源不断开发,社会与其周围环境的联系便日益加深。环境是人类生存发展的基础。也是开发利用的对象。主要功能有:(1)提供人类活动所必需的各种自然条件和自然资源。环境是人类从事生产的物质、能源的源泉,也是各种生物基本重要条件。人类从自然地理环境中开采煤、石油、天然气等,利用土地资源生产谷物,从而产生一系列的经济活动。因而环境资源的多寡、优劣决定着经济活动的规模和速度。当人类索取资源的速度超过自然供给的能力时,便难以维系和持续发展。(2)消纳和同化人类活动产生的产品,同时也会有一些一时未能被利用的副产品排入环境,成为废物。而人类新陈代谢和消费活动,也产生各种废弃物归还给周围自然环境。当废物排放量超过环境的自净能力时,环境质量会下降。(3)满足人类生存的精神享受。环境不仅能为人类提供物质资源,而且还能满足人们对舒适的要求。清洁的空气和水是农业生产必需的要素,也是人们健康,愉快的生活需求。优美舒适的环境,使人们心情轻松、精神愉快,有利于提高人体素质,更有效地工作促进社会经济持续发展。保护环境的目的在于促进社会经济持续发展。面对诸多的环境问题,我们必须加强环境保护。环境问题是指任何不利于人类生存和发展的环境结构和状态的变化,产生的原因包括人为、自然两方面。其实质是人类不合理的社会经济活动与环境可持续发展间的矛盾。
The development of human society cannot be separated from the environment and in isolation. Environment is often one of the necessary conditions of social development, while speed up or slow down the process of social development environment for the promotion of social development on or hobble role embodies the natural resources to develop and continuously improve productivity, social contact and deepening its environment. The environment is the foundation of human survival and development. Also is the development and utilization of object. Main functions are: (1) to provide human activity is necessary for all kinds of natural conditions and natural resources. Environment is the human is engaged in the production of material, energy source, is also a variety of biological basic important condition. Humans from natural geographical environment in coal mining, oil, natural gas, etc., use of land resources in grain production, resulting in a series of economic activities. Thus the amount of environmental resources, quality decides the scale and speed of economic activity. When humans for the speed exceeds the ability of the natural supply of resources, and unsustainable, and sustainable development. (2) given and assimilation products produced by human activity, but also have some not used byproduct into the environment, become a waste. And human metabolism and consumption activities, also produce all kinds of wastes around returned to natural environment. When the waste emissions more than environmental self-purification capability, environmental quality will decline. (3) meet human survival spirit to enjoy. Environment not only provide material for human resources, but also can satisfy people's comfort requirements. Clean air and water are necessary elements of agricultural production, and people healthy, happy life. Elegant and comfortable environment, make people at ease, spirit is happy, is conducive to improve the quality of the human body, the work more effectively to promote social and economic sustainable development. The purpose of protecting the environment is to promote social and economic sustainable development. Facing many environmental problems, we must strengthen the environmental protection. Environment refers to any detrimental to human survival and development of the environment structure and the change of the status, reasons, including both man-made and natural. The essence is the human unreasonable social contradictions between economic activity and environmental sustainability.
环境问题已成为人类面临的严峻挑战之一。主要包括原生环境问题和次生环境问题两大类。(1)原生环境问题地叫第一环境问题,是由自然环境自身变化引起的,没有人为因素或很少有人为因素参与。这一类环境问题是自然诱发的,是经过较长时间自然蕴蓄过程之后才发生的,或者主要是受自然力的操纵,且人已失去控制能力情况下发生的,并使人类社会遭受一定的损害。这类环境问题包括地震、火山活动、滑坡、泥石流、台风、洪水、干旱等。面对这些问题我们昼做到预防减少损害。(2)次生环境问题是人类活动作用于周围环境引起的环境问题,也称第二环境问题。主要是人类不合理利用资源所引起的环境衰退和工业发展所带来的环境污染等问题。①环境破坏,环境破坏又称生态破坏。主要指人类的社会活动引起的生态退化及由此而衍生的有关环境效应,它们导致了环境结构与功能的变化,对人类的生存与发展产生了不利影响。环境破坏主要是由于人类活动违背了自然生态规律,急功近利,盲目开发自然资源所引起的。因过度砍伐引起的森林覆盖率锐减,因过度放牧引起草原退化,因滥肆捕杀引起许多动物物种濒临灭绝,盲目占地造成耕地面积减少因毁林开荒造成水土流失和沙漠化,地下水过度开采造成地下水漏斗,地面下沉,因其他不合理开发利用,造成地质结构破坏,地貌景观破坏等。②环境污染与干扰,环境污染指有害物质或因子进入环境,并在环境中扩散、迁移、转化,使环境系统的结构性与功能发生变化,对人类或其他生物的正常生存和发展产生不利影响的现象。主要是指人类活动导致环境质量下降。如大气污染、水污染、土壤污染、放射性污染等。这威胁着人类的健康。环境干扰指的是人类活动所排出的能量进入环境,达到一定程度产生对人类不良的影响。
Environmental problem has become one of the serious challenges facing humanity. Mainly includes the primary environment and secondary environment problem two kinds big. (1) primary environmental problems to the environment, is caused by changes in the natural environment itself, not human factor or few factors involved. This kind of environment problem is induced by nature, is a natural process be latent after a long time before, or the principal is manipulated by the forces of nature, and person has lost the control case, and makes a certain damage to human society. This kind of environment problems include earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, debris flow, typhoon, flood, drought, etc. In the face of these problems we day do prevention to reduce damage. (2) secondary environment problem is the human activities effect on surrounding environment caused by environmental problems, also called the second environmental problems. Mainly is the human environmental degradation caused by irrational use of resources and industrial development of environmental pollution and other issues. (1) environmental damage, environmental damage is also called ecological damage. Mainly refers to ecological degradation caused by human social activity and hence the derivative relevant environmental effect, which leads to the structure and function of the changing environment, to human survival and development had a negative effect. Environmental damage is mainly due to human activity violates the natural ecological law, get rich quick, blind development caused by the natural resources. Decrease caused by deforestation, forest coverage, grassland degradation caused by overgrazing, many endangered animal species, caused by LanSi hunting blind covering resulting in a decrease of arable land by destroying forest soil erosion and desertification, caused by excessive exploitation of groundwater funnel of groundwater, ground subsidence, due to other unreasonable exploitation, the geological structure damage, landscape destruction, etc. (2) the environment pollution and disturbance, pollution of the environment refers to harmful substances or factors into the environment, and proliferation, migration and transformation in the environment, make the environmental system of structural and functional changes, to humans or other organisms of an adverse effect on the survival and development of normal phenomenon. Is mainly refers to human activities lead to environmental degradation. Such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, radioactive pollution, etc. The threat to human health. Environmental interference refers to the energy discharge into the environment by human activities, to achieve some degree of human adverse impact.
环境危机之所以引起人们的普遍不安与广泛关注,是因为环境危机不仅影响了当代人的生活质量,也威协后代人的生存。这必须与可持续发展联系起来,可持续发展鼓励经济增长,它不仅重视增长数量,而且要求发送质量提高效益,节约能源,减少废物,改变传统的生产和消费模式,实施清洁生产和文明消费。是以保护自然为基础,控制环境污染,改善环境质量减少生态破坏,保持地球生态系统的完整性,以持续的方式使用可再生资源,使作类的发展保持在地球承载力之内。是以消除贫困,改善和提高人类的生活质量为目的,要与社会进步相适应。虽然未来人对幸福的理解也许会与我们有所不同,但作为人,他们的某些基本需要(如清洁的空气、干净的水、健康而稳定的生态系统)必须首先得到满足。因此,在分配地球上的有限资源时,我们必须要用代际主义的原则来处理当代人与后代人的关系。我们不仅要给后人留下一套先进的生产技术与成熟的经济发展模式,还要给他们留下一个稳定而健康的生态环境。
Environmental crisis has aroused people's widespread unease and extensive concern, because of the environmental crisis has affected the modern age, people's quality of life not only, also threatened the survival of future generations. This must be linked with sustainable development, sustainable development to encourage economic growth, it not only attaches great importance to the growth quantity, and send the quality to improve business efficiency, save energy, reduce waste, change the traditional production and consumption patterns, the implementation of cleaner production and civilized consumption. Is based on the conservation of nature, control environmental pollution, improve environmental quality reduce ecological damage, maintain the integrity of the earth's ecological system, in the form of continuous use of renewable resources, and keep development for class within the earth's carrying capacity. Is to eradicate poverty, improve and enhance human quality of life for the purpose, should be compatible with social progress. Although future people's understanding of happiness may be different with us, but as a person, some of their basic needs, such as clean air, clean water, healthy and stable ecosystem) must first be satisfied. As a result, the distribution of the limited resources on the earth, we must use the intergenerational socialist principles to deal with the relationship between contemporary people and future generations. We should not only leave future generations a set of advanced production technology and mature mode of economic development, but also leave them with a stable and healthy ecological environment.
3环境保护与可持续发展
3. Environmental protection and sustainable development
一种文明如果把掠夺和征服自然视为自己的价值实现,那么,环境污染与生态危机的出现就是必不可免的;人为目前所面临的环境危机,不是源于科学技术提供资源的速度慢于人类消费资源的速度。与以往的历史相比,人类目前所掌握的技术无疑是最先进的,但是,环境危机正是在我们拥有如此空前的技术力量的背景下产生的。因此,环境危机不能通过单纯的技术手段来解决,承认技术手段在保护环境方面的局限性,并不是要否认科学技术在保护环境方面的局限性,并不是要不论科学技术在保护环境方面的重要作用而是要求我们突破技术决定论的局限,把环境保护与可持续发展放在文明转型和价值重铸的大背景中来加以思考。承认大自然的内在价值,把人与自然视为一个密不可分的整体,追求人与自然的和谐,尊重并维护生态系统的完整、美丽和稳定。无论以全球范围,还是以我国的实际情况来看,人类文明都发展到了保护生态环境阶段。确保人与自然的和谐,是经济能够得到进一步发展的前提,也是人类文明得以延续的保证。要实现保护环境与可持续发展的目标。
A civilization if the plunder and conquest of nature as their own value realization, so, the emergence of the environmental pollution and ecological crisis is inevitable; Environmental crisis, people now are facing is not derived from science and technology provide resources speed slower than the speed of the human consumption of resources. Compared with the previous history, human currently have is undoubtedly the most advanced technology, but the environmental crisis is in we have so unprecedented technical force the background. Therefore, environmental crisis could not be addressed by simple technology, acknowledged the limitations of technology in the aspect of protecting the environment, it is not to deny that science and technology in environmental protection limitations, is not to whether science and technology of the important role in protecting the environment but requires us to break through the confine of technological determinism, put environmental protection and sustainable development in civilization transformation and recasting of the background value of thinking. Admit the intrinsic value of nature, the human and the nature as an inseparable whole, the pursuit of the harmony of man and nature, respect and maintain ecosystem integrity, beauty and stability. No matter in the world, or in our country's actual situation, to protect the ecological environment development stage of human civilization. To ensure the harmony of man and nature, is the precondition for the economy can get further development, is also possible the continuation of human civilization. To realize the goal of protecting the environment and the sustainable development.
我们需要做的事情非常多,我们要调整好人与自然的关系,当代人与后代人的关系,以及当代人之间关系。要真正解决环境问题,首先必须改变当前人类的发展模式和道路。发展不能仅局限于经济发展,不能把社会经济发展与环境保护割裂开来,更不应对立起来。发展应是社会、经济、人口、资源和环境的协调发展和人的全面发展。1972年人类环境会议上通过了《人类环境宣言》,或为人类环境保护工作的转折点,环境问题不仅仅是环境污染问题。从全球来看生态环境破坏此环境污染更严重。冲破了就环境的狭隘观点,把人口、资源、环境与发展紧密联系起来,协调人类与环境,发展与环境的关系,才能从整体上解决环境问题。当代人之间能否公平地分配环境保护的成本与利益能否建立一套鼓励人们的环保行为的制度安排,这直接决定着人与自然和谐这一目标的实现;如果当代人之间尚且不能实现某种最低限度的公正,那么,我们就很难指望他们会真正关心遥远后代的利益,因此,当代的集体努力与人人选择是实现可持续发展目标的关键。《我们共同的未来》把满足贫困人口的基本需要“放在特别优先的地位来考虑”。这是由于使人的基本需要得到满足,这是人作为人所享有的基本权利。贫困是对这种权利的剥夺,它使人作为的价值得不到实现。同时,贫困与破坏环境往往是互为因果的。因此,消除贫困,减少贫富差距是实现代内平等的内在要求,也是实现可持续发展的基础。综上所述,要达到人类与自然环境的协调发展要达到可持续发展的目标——必须保护好环境。
We need to do very much, we need to adjust the relationship between good man and nature, contemporary and future generations, as well as the relationship between modern people. To really solve environmental problems, you must change the current human development mode and road. Development not only confined to the economic development, can not be isolated from the social and economic development and environmental protection, more should not oppose. Development should be the society, economy, population, resources and the environment coordinated development and man's all-round development. Human environment conference in 1972 passed the "human environment declaration", or the turning point of environmental protection work for mankind, environment is not only environmental pollution problems. From a global perspective of ecological environment destruction of the environment pollution is more serious. Broke through the it environment of the narrow point of view, the population, resources, environment and development is closely linked, coordination of human and the environment, development and the environment relations, to solve environmental problems as a whole. Contemporary can be evenly distributed between the costs and benefits of environmental protection can be established a set of encouraging people to the environmental behavior of institutional arrangement, which directly decides the human and the nature harmonious the goal of the implementation; If still cannot achieve a minimum between the contemporary justice, then, it becomes difficult to expect they will truly concerned with the interest of the distant future generations, therefore, the collective effort of contemporary and the choice of everyone is the key to achieving sustainable development. "Our common future" to meet the basic needs of the poor "in special priority to consider. This is due to make the person's basic needs are met, this is one that as people enjoy basic rights. Poverty is deprived of the right, it makes a man as the value is not true. At the same time, poverty and environmental damage tends to be causal. Therefore, eliminate poverty and reduce the gap between rich and poor is the realization of generation equality within internal requirement, is also the foundation of achieving sustainable development. Above all, to achieve the coordinated development of the human and the natural environment to achieve the goals of sustainable development, must protect the environment well.
人有权利利用自然,通过改变自然资源的物质形态,满足自身的生存需要,但这种权利必须以不改变自然界的基本秩序为限度;人又有义务尊重自然的存在事实,保持自然规律的稳定性,在开发自然的同时向自然提供相应的补偿。当然,如此确定权利和义务的范围,是以人与自然之间原本存在着和谐为前提的,可持续发展针对的则是人与自然的和谐关系已经遭受严重破坏的现实。在这个事实中,人对自然的权利和义务的范围必须相应调整。在达到新的和谐之前,人对自然的开发方式,开发深度应当受到严格的限制;人在改变自然资源的物质形态的同时,应当更多地向自然提供补偿,以恢复其正常状态。使人与环境协调发展,达到可持续发展的目标。
One has the right to use natural, by changing the material form of natural resources, can meet the needs of its own survival, but this power must not change the nature of the basic order of limit; People have an obligation to respect the existence of natural facts, maintain the stability of the law of nature, in the development of natural and at the same time provide the corresponding compensation to nature. So, of course, determine the scope of the rights and obligations, is originally there is a harmony between man and nature as the premise, for the sustainable development is the harmonious relationship between man and nature has been devastated. In the fact, the person must be corresponding to the scope of natural rights and obligations of the adjustment. Before reaching a new harmony, people on the natural way of development, the development depth shall be strictly restricted; Person in change of the physical form of natural resources at the same time, should be more to provide compensation to nature, to restore its normal state. Make people and the environment coordinated development, and achieve the goals of sustainable development.