论文摘要：近年来的大规模水利工程建设以及对运行多年的病险水利工程的加固维修，大面积的扰动土地，加上强降雨的冲刷，将产生严重的水土流失。工程建设产生的水土流失量的监测尤为重要，它是水土保持措施布设的依据，也是防治效果完成情况的参照标准。对于占地范围大，施工周期长的项目通常采用径流池观测法和卡口站观测法测水土流失量。对于达不到以上要求的一般采用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测水土流失量。本文利用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测项目区的水土流失量，并对监测结果进行分析，得出的数据为今后的水保方案设计和验收提供依据。
Paper abstract: in recent years, large-scale water conservancy project construction and operation of dilapidated years of strengthening water conservancy project, the disturbance of large area of land, and a heavy rain washed, will lead to serious soil erosion. Engineering construction of soil loss monitoring is particularly important, it is a basis in soil and water conservation measures, and effective completion of reference standard. For covering a wide range, long construction cycle pool projects usually adopt runoff observation method and the bayonet station observation method of soil and water loss. To not meet the requirements of general steel method is used and simple soil loss of slope surface measurement method. In this paper, using the method of steel and simple measurement method to measure the soil loss of slope, and the monitoring result is analyzed, the data provide the basis for future conservation scheme design and acceptance.
1 概述
1 overview
广东是南方水资源最为丰富的省份之一，近年来兴建了大量的水利工程。截止到2009年12月31日，广东省的有大中型水库334座，小型水库7036座。受当时条件所限，已修建的水利工程经过几十年的运行，普遍出现老化，病险问题突出，安全隐患大。从2003年开始大规模开展除险加固工程建设，许多加固工程也相继完成。这些工程的建设和维修加固过程中大面积的扰动地表，必定会产生水土流失，如何准确的测量出此类工程建设扰动地表产生的水土流失量对以后水土保持的实施起到了至关重要的作用。
Guangdong is one of the most abundant province southern water, a large number of water conservancy project construction in recent years. As of December 31, 2009, guangdong has 334 large and medium-sized reservoirs, small reservoirs, 7036. By that time, has built water conservancy projects, after decades of operation, widespread aging, seepage path problem is outstanding, safe hidden trouble. Large-scale since 2003 to develop and consolidate project construction, many reinforcement projects are completed. These engineering construction and maintenance of large disturbance in the process of the earth's surface, is bound to produce water and soil loss, how to accurately measure the with the soil loss caused by such disturbance surface engineering construction since the implementation of soil and water conservation has played a vital role.
广东省高州水库是广东省的大型病险水库之一，该水库由两个库区组成，之间由联通渠连接。工程扰动范围大，施工周期长，工程建设产生的水土流失影响范围广。本工程取土场多，弃渣场多，是水土流失的主要来源。因此，开展本工程水土保持监测工作，尤其是渣、料场水土保持监测工作是监测的重点。施工期采用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测项目区水土流失量。植被恢复期采用土壤侵蚀分类分级标准，对项目区侵蚀强度采取定性分析，最终判断出工程水土保持措施是否落实到位，这就是水土流失量监测的最终目的。
Gaozhou reservoir in guangdong province of guangdong is one of dilapidated large reservoir, the reservoir is composed of two area, between the unicom channel connection. Large engineering disturbed range, long construction period, construction of water loss and soil erosion impact range. Earth-fetching area of this project, abandon slag field, is the main source of soil and water loss. Therefore, carrying out the project of soil and water conservation monitoring work, especially slag, yard work is the key of the monitoring of soil and water conservation monitoring. Steel method is adopted during the construction and simple slope measurement method to the project area of soil and water loss. Vegetation recovery using soil erosion classification classification standard, the loess erosion intensity adopt qualitative analysis, ultimately determine whether project of soil and water conservation measures in place, this is the ultimate goal of soil loss monitoring.
2 监测方法
Two monitoring methods
该工程监测方法主要采用调查监测法、地面定位观测法和巡查法。
The engineering monitoring method mainly adopts survey monitoring method, the ground positioning observation method and the inspect method.
（1）调查监测：调查监测是指定期采取全面调查的方式，通过现场实地勘测，采用GPS定位仪结合地形图、数码相机、测距仪、测高仪、标杆和尺子等工具，测定不同分区的的地表扰动不同类型的面积。
Survey of (1) monitoring: monitoring refers to regularly take the way of comprehensive survey, through the field survey, using topographic map, digital camera, GPS locator range finder, altimeter, and benchmarking tools such as ruler, measure different partitions of the disturbance of different types of surface area.
（2）地面定位监测：本工程主要使用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法。
(2) the ground positioning monitoring: this project is mainly to use steel and simple slope measurement method.
钢钎法：在汛前，将直径0.5～1.0cm、长30cm的钢钎，根据坡面面积，按照横3行，竖4列的布局布设于监测区域，每条钢钎前后左右各相隔2m，样方面积为80m2。钢钎沿铅垂方向打入坡面，距坡面均留5cm，编号登记入册。在每次暴雨后和汛期终了，观测钉帽距地面高度，计算土壤侵蚀厚度（采用均值）和土壤侵蚀量。
Steel method: in concerned, the diameter of 0.5 ~ 1.0 cm, 30 cm long steel, according to slope area, according to the horizontal line 3, 4 column vertical layout in the layout of the monitoring area, each steel before and after each interval of 2 m, sample volume is 80 m2. Steel chisel along the vertical direction into the slope, slope is 5 cm, serial number to register into the copies. After each storm and flood season, the end of observation DingMao high from ground, soil erosion calculation thickness (in average) and soil erosion.
简易坡面量测法：在开挖边坡和堆填边坡已经发生侵蚀的地方,通过选定样方，测定样方内侵蚀沟的数量和大小，以及样方坡面面积、初形成的坡度、坡长、地面组成物质等，并记录造成侵蚀沟的降雨，每次降雨或多次降雨后量测侵蚀沟的体积，从而得出各时段的沟蚀量，并通过沟蚀与水蚀的比例计算出流失量。
Simple slope measurement method: in the excavation slope and landfill slope has erosion takes place, through the selected samples, determination of quadrat erosion gully in the number and size, and sample Fang Po surface area, the early formation of the slope, slope length, the ground material composition and so on, caused erosion gully and records of rainfall, rainfall or every time many times after rainfall volume measurement of erosion gully, thus obtains the time of gully erosion, and gully erosion and water erosion of calculate the proportion of the loss.
（3）巡查法：不定期地进行全线踏勘，若发现较大的流失现象或扰动类型的变化（如出现新堆渣、已堆渣消失、开挖面采取了措施等）及时监测记录。
(3) search method: not on a regular basis for all reconnaissance, if found that the larger the disturbance types of erosion phenomenon or appear (such as slag, slag has disappeared, excavation face took measures, etc.) monitoring records in a timely manner.
3 监测点布设
3 monitoring points layout
监测点布设主要指长期定位监测点。根据广东省高州水库除险加固工程的特点和扰动地貌的土地类型划分结果，定位监测主要布设在弃土弃渣场平台和坡面、土料场、大型开挖面、挖方区域、填方区域以及相应的背景值观测点。
Monitoring refers to long-term positioning were arranged. According to the characteristics of the gaozhou reservoir engineering seepage and consolidate dam of guangdong province and disturbances of landscape of land classification result, positioning monitoring mainly laid in soil abandon slag field platform and yard, large slope, soil excavation, excavation area, fill regions, and the corresponding background value observation point.
4 监测的实施情况
Monitoring the implementation of the four
（1）监测前期：主要采用巡查、调查监测法。组建工作组，调查该工程地理位置、气候水文、地形地貌、土壤类型、原地貌各土地利用类型的面积、植物种类及覆盖度、项目区所属的水土流失类型区、水土流失形式、土壤侵蚀模数背景值。
(1) monitoring the early: the main search, investigation, monitoring method. Form a task force to investigate the project location, climate, hydrology, topography, soil types, the original landscape area of each land use type, plant species and coverage, project area belong to form of soil and water loss type, soil and water loss and soil erosion modulus of the background value.
（2）施工期：依据监测方案对项目区进行全线踏勘调查，选定典型地块设立水土流失观测场，对工程建设的水土流失及水土保持措施的拦渣保土状况进行定期定位观测；同时开展面上的调查、巡查监测，及时掌握工程建设过程中水土流失及其防治的动态变化情况，记录工程进展状况、损坏水保设施量、土石方量、弃渣量、水土流失量、流失强度，以及对周边地区生态环境的影响和危害情况。
(2) : during the construction monitoring scheme based on the entire line reconnaissance survey, selected a typical plots set up soil erosion observation field, the engineering construction of soil and water loss and soil and water conservation measures regularly block slag soil conservation status of the position observation; At the same time to carry out surveys, inspections on the surface of the monitoring, timely master the engineering construction process, the dynamic change and its prevention and control of soil erosion, record project progress status, damaged water conservation facilities, conditions, abandon slag amount, of soil and water loss, erosion intensity, and its influence to the surrounding area ecological environment, and harm.
（3）植被恢复期：采用样地调查及巡查等方法，监测项目区水土保持措施落实情况（数量和质量）；工程措施的数量、完好程度和运行情况；植物措施的生长情况、成活率和覆盖度；各项防治措施的拦渣、保土效益等。
(3) the vegetation recovery: by adopting the method of sample plot survey and inspect, monitor the project area soil and water conservation measures to carry out the situation (quality and quantity); Engineering measures, the number of intact rate and operation; Plant growth, survival rate and coverage; The benefits to soil and prevention measures of block slag, etc.
5 监测数据分析
5 monitoring data analysis
利用钢钎法和简易坡面量测法测得广东省高州水库除险加固工程施工期共产生土壤流失总量为1.8万t，平均土壤侵蚀强度为8416t/km2.a。其中主体工程区产生的水土流失量为1.04万t，是土壤流失的主要来源，平均侵蚀强度为7266t/km2.a；其次是取土场区，水土流失量为0.56万t,平均侵蚀强度为12500t/km2.a；弃渣场产生的土壤流失为0.10万t,平均侵蚀强度为10800t/km2.a；施工（营）场地产生的水土流失量为0.05万t，平均侵蚀强度为4800t/km2.a；临时道路产生的水土流失量为0.04万t，平均侵蚀强度为8000t/km2.a。
And simple slope measurement method by the use of steel gaozhou reservoir and consolidate engineering construction in guangdong province were measured total of 18000 t cause soil erosion, soil erosion intensity for an average of 8416 t/km2. A. The subject of soil and water loss produced by the project is 10400 t, is the main source of soil erosion, erosion intensity for an average of 7266 t/km2. A; Followed by the removal of ground, soil loss for 05600 t, the average intensity of erosion of 12500 t/km2. A; Abandon slag field produced by soil erosion is 01000 t, the average intensity of erosion of 10800 t/km2. A; Construction (camp) area of soil and water loss of production is 00500 t, the average intensity of erosion of 4800 t/km2. A; Temporary road soil loss of production is 00400 t, the average intensity of erosion of 8000 t/km2. A.
植被恢复期，根据项目区的地形条件、植被覆盖率和降雨情况，对项目区地表类型进行分类，项目区的植被覆盖率为58.7%，其中建筑物及固化面积为24.96hm2，本区域不产生水土流失；平地面积为35.50hm2，本区域产生的水土流失为微度流失；坡度为5～8°的面积为12.33hm2，本区域产生轻度流失；坡度为8～15°的面积为5.05hm2，本区域产生轻度流失。项目区多年的平均降雨量为1938.8mm，施工期项目区的年平均降雨量为1787mm。根据植被覆盖率、地形条件和降雨量综合分析得出，植被恢复期的土壤侵蚀强度小于500t/km2.a。
Vegetation recovery, according to the project area of the terrain conditions, vegetation coverage and rainfall condition, carries on the classification for the type of surface, the project area of the vegetation coverage was 58.7%, including building area of 24.96 hm2, and curing this area does not produce water loss and soil erosion; Flat land area of 35.50 hm2, this area of soil and water loss is a small degree of erosion; Slope is 5 ~ 8 ° covers an area of 12.33 hm2, this region produces mild erosion; Slope is 8 ~ 15 ° covers an area of 5.05 hm2, mild erosion from this area. The years of average rainfall of 1938.8 mm, the project area during the construction of average annual rainfall is 1787 mm. On the comprehensive analysis of the vegetation coverage, terrain conditions and rainfall, vegetation recovery of soil erosion intensity is less than 500 t/km2. A.
施工期项目区水土流失量的监测通过采取桩钉法、简易坡面量测法对不同类型的施工工区进行了监测，批复的方案的防止责任范围是96.81hm2（扣除淹没区面积），预测的水土流失量为5.13万t，项目区的土壤侵蚀模数为52990t/km2.a，侵蚀强度属于剧烈侵蚀级别；实际监测的防治责任范围是77.84hm2，实测的水土流失量为1.8万t；施工期实测水土流失量比方案预测值减少了3.33万t。
Project area during the construction of soil and water loss monitoring by adopting pile nail method, simple slope surface measurement method for the monitoring of different types of construction work area, approval of the plan to prevent responsibility range is 96.81 hm2 (excluding the algorithm area), prediction of soil loss is 51300 t, the project area of soil erosion modulus for 52990 t/km2. A, erosion intensity is belong to severe erosion level; Responsibility range is 77.84 hm2, for the prevention and control of actual monitoring of the measured soil loss for 18000 t; The measured soil loss during the construction was down more than 33300 t plan forecast.
植被恢复期项目区的土壤侵蚀强度低于500t/km2.a。监测结果表明，扰动后的项目区经过水土流失治理，项目区的水土保持布局更为合理，生态环境改善明显。
Vegetation recovery project area of soil erosion intensity is less than 500 t/km2. A. Monitoring results show that the disturbance in the project through the soil and water loss control, after the project area with reasonable layout of soil and water conservation ecological environment improved obviously.
6 结论
6 the conclusion
（1）多数维修加固工程由于工期短或者是工程占地面积有限等因素，不具备径流小区和卡口站观测条件，所以简易观测法作为最直接和最直观的观测方法适用于绝大多数开发建设项目。其观测数据通过多次测量汇总后翔实的反应了项目区的水土流失情况。
(1) most of the maintenance project due to short time limit for a project or project covers an area of limited factors, such as, do not have the runoff plot and bayonet station observation conditions, the so simple observation method as the most direct and most intuitive observation method is suitable for most of the development and construction projects. Its observation data through multiple measuring informative response after summary the project area of soil and water loss.
（2）结合工程的监测方案、合理划分监测区域并布设监测点、选择科学的监测方法，做到多种方法相结合，以提高监测的时效性和准确性。采用了定期定位的监测方法，整个监测过程所记录、整理的数据及图文资料可真实、动态的反应出工程建设中水土流失变化状况、水土保持措施的实施和防治效果，为今后水保方案设计和工程水保验收提供依据。
(2) combined with engineering of monitoring scheme, reasonable division of the monitoring area and layout, and the choice of scientific monitoring method, it combined a variety of methods, in order to improve the timeliness and accuracy of monitoring. Regular positioning monitoring method is adopted, the whole monitoring process records, sorting data and graphic data can be real, dynamic reflects the changes in soil and water loss in the situation of engineering construction, the implementation of soil and water conservation measures and control effects of conservation plan for the future design and provides the basis for acceptance of conservation.
（3）在监测过程中，采用了调查监测法、地面定位观测法和巡查法。多种方法同时使用，解决了监测点布设受制约的情况，综合分析多项测量结果，最终得到较为可靠的数据。
(3) in the process of monitoring, investigation and monitoring method is adopted, the ground positioning observation method and the inspect method. Setting of a variety of methods used at the same time, solve the monitoring conditioned situation, comprehensive analysis of multiple measurements, eventually get more reliable data.
（4）从预测的侵蚀模数到实测的侵蚀模数到最终的植被恢复期的侵蚀模数，是一个陡降的过程。这个数据的变化过程可以看出本工程在施工期过程中实施了有效的水土保持措施，
(4) from the measured on the erosion modulus of erosion modulus to the vegetation recovery of erosion modulus, is a steep fall in the process. The changing process of the data can be seen in the process of the construction of this project to implement the effective measures of soil and water conservation,