论文关键词：农村水利 现状 方向 饮水安全
Key words: rural drinking water safety water conservancy status direction
论文摘要：我国是一个农业大国，小型水利工程作为农村经济的一个重要组成部分，在改善农民生产生活条件、促进粮食生产方面发挥了重要作用。农村水利是指在农村开展的水利建设、管理及其它有关水问题方面的工作，包括农村水工程、水资源和水环境。本文主要分析农村水利现状，进一步明确当前和今后一个时期农村水利工作的方向，奋力推进农村水利新跨越，为服务“三农”和保障民生提供有力的水利支撑和保障。
Abstract: our country is an agricultural big country, small water conservancy project as an important part of rural economy, in improving farmers' production and living conditions, and played an important role in promoting grain production. Rural water conservancy refers to the water conservancy construction in rural areas, water management and other related issues, including rural water projects, water resource and water environment. This article mainly analyze the present situation of rural water conservancy further clarify the current and future a period of the direction of the rural water conservancy work, strive to build a new rural water conservancy span, for the service "three rural" and safeguard the livelihood of the people to provide powerful hydraulic support and assurance.
１ 农村水利现状
1 status of rural water conservancy
１.１ 农村水利管理滞后。农村实行生产责任制后，农民的个体经济意识较强，集体观念淡薄，从而在水利工程管理上存在只知用水，不愿管水，农村水利工程管理粗放，有的灌区支渠以下用水混乱，“跑、冒、渗、漏”较为严重，致使水利工程老化失修，毁损严重。同时由于各领域的生产进度很难一致也很难统一，彼此间为了各自的需要随意截流、堵坝、开沟、放水，把水线和明渠搞得支离破碎，干疮百孔，逐渐失去供水功能，农民们没办法只好在原灌内打井种稻。大量开采地下水，也是对水资源的极大浪费，这样下去，不光是农业生产受到影响，生存环境也会受到破坏。
1.1 the rural water conservancy management lags behind. After rural production responsibility system, farmers' consciousness of the individual economy is stronger, collective idea is weak, which only exists in the water conservancy project management of water, don't want to pipe water, rural water conservancy project management extensive, some under the lateral canal irrigation area water use chaos, "run, run, seepage, leakage is more serious, the water conservancy project aged disrepair, is damaged seriously. As consistent in all areas of production progress is difficult to is difficult to unify, between each other in order to meet the demands of their casual intercepting and blocking dam, trenching, water, the water flow in open channel and get fragmented, dry, losing water supply function, the farmers can't had to drilling within original irrigation rice. Excessive exploitation of groundwater, is also a great waste of water resources, so, it is not only affected agricultural production, living environment will be damaged.
１.２ 农村产业结构发生变化。农村产业结构过去主要追求粮食产量,所配套水利工程为了满足粮食作物的生长需要,调整为蔬菜、花卉、瓜果和苗木对抗旱和灌溉的标准比原有的设施要求标准更高。在这个过程中,调整是市场化行为,一家一户的生产模式缺乏统一的调整、建设和规划,使得农村水利的配套建设出现了一些困难。
1.2 the rural industrial structure change. Rural industrial structure is mainly the pursuit of food production in the past, the matching of water conservancy projects in order to meet the requirements of the growth of crops, the adjustment for vegetables, flowers, fruits and seedling standard of drought resistance and irrigation facilities required standards higher than the old ones. In this process, the adjustment is market-oriented behavior, a production mode is lack of unified adjustment of a home, building and planning, make the rural water conservancy construction of form a complete set of some difficulties.
１.３ 对水质要求更加严格。由于水产养殖业发展较快，对水源水质的标准要求更加严格。一旦水源污染、水质破坏，会影响到水产养殖业的发展，也会影响到农民的利益。水质不能保证一定会引发一些矛盾，会影响到水利工程水费和水资源费的收缴。
1.3 more strict with quality. Due to the rapid development of aquaculture, more strict standard of water quality. Once the damage, water pollution, water quality will affect the development of the aquaculture industry, will also affect the interests of farmers. Water quality can't guarantee will cause some conflict, will affect the water resources and water conservancy projects on water fee collection.
１.４ 财政投入不足。新农村建设以来，虽然国家大力扶持农村水利建设与管理，在规划布局、项目安排和资金补助上给予很大倾斜。但我国很多不发达地区农村，没有较多的资金用在农村水利工程建设上，很多工程不能按期启动。财政支持的资金与农村水利工程建设需要的资金差距较大，主要靠群众自行解决，因此严重制约着农村重点水利工程配套和小型水利工程建设。
1.4 insufficient financial input. Since the new rural construction, although the country strongly support rural water conservancy construction and management, on the plan layout, project schedule and budget for a tilt. But many underdeveloped areas of rural in China, no more money to use on the rural water conservancy project construction, many projects does not start on schedule. Financial support of funds and the rural water conservancy project construction need funding gap is larger, mainly depend on the masses, thus severely restricts the rural supporting key water conservancy projects and small water conservancy project construction.
２ 发展农村水利工作的方向
2 in the direction of the development of rural water conservancy work
２.１ 认真抓好农村水利建设管理工作。围绕充分发挥效益，切实强化水利工程管理。水利建设是基础，管理是关键。我国水利工程面广量大，管理任务十分繁重。一是坚持按照“分级建设、分级管理、分级负责”的原则，健全和完善管理责任体系，明确责、权、利，真正将管理责任落实到单位、到个人。二是在现有管理模式基础上，积极探索水利工程管理的新机制、新路子、新办法，走管理维护与开发利用相结合，“以管理促开发，以开发促管理”的新路子。三是坚持依法管理，加大水行政执法力度，严肃查处河道、堤防管理范围内的乱耕乱种、违章搭建、随意侵占等违法行为，依法维护水利工程正常运行，促进我市河道管理工作迈上新台阶。
2.1 carefully pays special attention to the rural water conservancy construction management work. Around give full play to the benefits, and strengthening the management of water conservancy projects. Water conservancy construction is the foundation, management is the key. Surface measurement in water conservancy project, management task is very heavy. One is stick to "hierarchical construction, classification management, grading is responsible for" principle, and perfect the management responsibility system, clear responsibility, right and benefit, true implementation to the unit, the individual will manage responsibility. 2 it is based on the existing management mode, actively explore new mechanism of management of water conservancy projects, new way and new method, that combines management maintenance and the development and utilization, "management to promote development, to promote management" to develop a new way. 3 it is to adhere to the management in accordance with the law, increase the intensity of water administrative law enforcement, investigate embankment management within the scope of river courses and indiscriminate tillage, illegal building, illegal activities such as random occupation, maintain normal operation of water conservancy projects according to law, promote our city river management work to a new level.
２.２ 农村水利工作要坚持以下原则。一是坚持以人为本，保障改善民生。把解决农民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的水利问题作为优先领域，加快改善农民群众生产生活条件和农村人居环境，提高农民群众受益程度和水平。二是坚持科学发展，促进人水和谐。综合考虑农村经济社会发展与水资源条件，大力发展高效节水农业，加强农村饮用水水源保护，加快水环境治理步伐，增强农业农村可持续发展能力，促进水资源可持续利用。三是坚持统筹兼顾，推进协调发展。科学规划和布局，东中西部统筹，平原、山丘区和草原牧区兼顾，大中小微工程并举，工程措施非工程措施结合，推动农村水利协调发展。四是坚持建管并重，保障良性运行。切实把工程建设与运行管理有机衔接、有效统一起来，做到建后管护主体明确、权责清晰、机制完善、管养到位，确保工程建得成、管得好、用得起、长受益。五是坚持改革创新，增强发展后劲。深化农村水利各项改革，着力创新体制机制，推进法规制度建设，完善配套政策，加大科技推广力度，加快管理方式转变，为农村水利可持续发展奠定坚实基础。
2.2 the rural water conservancy work to adhere to the following principles. One is to adhere to the people-oriented, improve people's livelihood. To solve the farmers most concern, the most direct, the most realistic water conservancy problems as priority areas, accelerate the improvement of production conditions and living conditions of peasants and the rural living environment, improve peasants benefit degree and level. Second, insist on scientific development, promote people and water in harmony. Considering the rural economic and social development and water resource conditions, developing efficient water-saving agriculture, strengthen rural drinking water sources protection, quicken the steps of water environmental governance, enhance capability of sustainable agriculture and rural areas development, promote the sustainable utilization of water resources. Three is to stay balanced and promote the coordinated development. Scientific planning and layout, east Midwest to plan as a whole, plains, ShanQiuOu and grassland pastoral area to two or morethings, medium and micro engineering, non-engineering measures combined with engineering measures, to promote coordinated development of rural water conservancy. Four is both on connecting, guarantee benign operation. Of the project construction and operation management of organic link, to unify effectively, be built after the subject clear, clear responsibilities of the management, perfect mechanism, custody in place, to ensure that the project was built into, tube well, affordable, long benefit. Five is to insist on reform and innovation, and sustaining development. To deepen the reform of rural water conservancy, focus on institutional innovation mechanism, promoting the construction of laws and regulations, perfect the supporting policies, increase the intensity of science and technology promotion, to speed up the management mode shift, lay a solid foundation for the sustainable development of the rural water conservancy.
２.３ 不断深化农村水利改革，努力创新农村水利发展体制机制。当前，农村水利改革正在向多领域扩展、向深层次推进，改革的复杂性、艰巨性、系统性更加凸显。要准确把握农村水利改革方向，注重协调推进和体制机制创新，不断增强农村水利发展活力。
2.3 continue to deepen reform of rural water conservancy, rural water conservancy development efforts to innovation systems and mechanisms. Many areas at present, the reform of rural water conservancy is spreading, to further promote reform of the complexity, difficulty and systemic grew more insistent. To accurately grasp the direction of the reform of rural water conservancy, pay attention to the coordinated push, and system and mechanism innovation, and constantly enhance the vitality of rural water conservancy development.
２.３.１ 加快推进农村水利投资体制改革。积极争取中央预算内基建投资和财政专项资金大幅增加对农村水利的投入力度、提高补助比例，逐步建立以财政补助为主导，国家、农民、社会资金共同投入的多元化农村水利投资机制。要以县为单位、以规划为依托，整合各类农田水利建设资金，提高资金使用效益。要充分利用市场机制，引导和鼓励社会资金投入农村水利项目。
2.3.1 accelerate reform of the rural water conservancy investment system. Actively strive for the central budget for infrastructure investment and finance special fund increase of rural water conservancy investment, increase the proportion, gradually establish dominated by financial aid, country, farmers and social capital into the diversification of rural water conservancy investment mechanism. To county as the unit, which is based on planning, integration of various kinds of irrigation and water conservancy construction fund, improve the service efficiency of funds. Should make full use of market mechanism, guide and encourage social capital of rural water conservancy projects.
２.３.２ 继续落实水管体制改革各项政策。要全面完成大中型灌区、泵站管理单位的"两定"工作，通过中央补助、
2.3.2 continue to implement all policies conduit system reform. We will complete the large and medium-sized irrigation system, pumping station management unit of the "two will" work, through the central subsidies,
地方加大财政投入等渠道，足额落实"两费"，做到以事定员定岗，妥善安置分流人员，落实社会保障政策。要逐步将水管体制改革延伸到小型水利工程、基层水管单位，切实落实管理责任、管护措施和管理人员，全面提高小型水利工程管理水平。
Local channel such as increasing financial investment, fully implement the "LiangFei", do things to complement create positions, properly arrange staff, implementation of the social security policy. To water pipe system reform will be extended to small water conservancy projects, pipe units at the grass-roots level, to implement management responsibility, management measures and management personnel, comprehensively improve the level of small-sized water conservancy project management.
２.３.３ 推进农业水价改革和水权合理流转。按照促进节约用水、降低农民水费支出、保障灌排工程良性运行的原则，推进农业水价综合改革，把农村集体和农民用水合作组织管理工程费用纳入水价测算范围，推行农业终端水价机制，探索实行定额内用水享受优惠水价和超定额用水累进加价。加强量水设施建设，建立健全科学、合理的水价形成机制，推进农业用水计量收费。建立水权合理转换机制，积极培育水市场
2.3.3 promote the reform of agricultural water price and water right transfer. According to promote water conservation, reduce farmers' spending on water, the principle of guarantee benign operation of irrigation and drainage engineering, advancing agricultural water price reform, the rural collectives and farmers' water cooperation organization management engineering cost in water price estimation range, promote agricultural terminal water price mechanism, explore ways to establish norm enjoy preferential prices and in excess of the quota in the use of water within a progressive increase. Strengthen the amount of water facilities construction, establish and improve the scientific and reasonable water price forming mechanism, advancing agricultural water metering. Establishing reasonable water rights conversion mechanism, actively cultivate water market
３ 农村饮水安全工程建设与发展思路分析
Three rural drinking water safety engineering construction and development analysis
农村饮水安全是水利工作的重中之重，也是一项长期而艰巨的任务。我们应坚持以科学的发展观，在调查了解基础上，从存在的问题和困难出发，通过科学规划、合理布局，积极加强对农村饮水安全工程管理的指导。
Rural drinking water safety is the key of the water conservancy work, is also a long-term and arduous task. We should adhere to the scientific outlook on development, based on the investigation to understand, starting from the existing problems and difficulties, through scientific planning, rational layout, actively strengthen the guidance of rural drinking water safety project management.
３.１ 统筹规划，突出重点。要以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，全面贯彻党的十六大和十六届四中、五中全会精神，坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，适应全面建设小康社会的总体要求；以提高农村供水质量、改善农村饮用水条件、加强农村供水基础设施建设、完善农村供水社会化服务体系、保障农村饮水安全为目标，统筹规划，使农民群众可持续地获得安全饮用水，为构建社会主义和谐社会奠定坚实基础。
3.1 overall planning, highlight the key. With deng xiaoping theory and important thought of "three represents" as guidance, fully implement the party's 16 big and the fifth plenary session of 16th 4, spirit, adhere to the people-oriented, establishing comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific outlook on development, adapt to the general requirements of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way; In order to improve the quality of rural water supply, improve rural drinking water conditions and to strengthen the construction of rural water supply infrastructure, improve the rural social service system of water supply, to ensure the safety of rural drinking water as the goal, overall planning, make the peasants sustainable access to safe drinking water, lay solid foundation for building a harmonious socialist society.
３.２ 水源保护与水质净化相结合，防治并重。保障饮水安全，首先要从源头抓起，要保护好饮用水源。要按照《饮用水水源保护区污染防治管理规定》的要求，划定农村规划项目供水水源保护区，加强对水源地周边环境的保护，防止污染，要采取有效措施，保护好饮用水源。
3.2 water source protection and water quality purification, paying equal attention to prevention and control. To ensure the safety of drinking water, the first to grab from the source, to protect the drinking water. According to the regulations for the prevention and control of pollution of drinking water sources reserve, requirements, delimit the rural planning project of water supply conservation, to strengthen the protection of water surroundings, prevent pollution, to take effective measures to protect the drinking water.
今后农村饮水安全工程建设，应根据具体情况，设置必要的水净化设施，向用水户提供水质达标、卫生的生活饮用水。同时，应建立社会化的水质监测服务体系，对供水水质进行监测、提供水质检测服务，完善供水水质保障体系。对适度规模的水厂要设化验室，做好水质的常规检测。
Future rural drinking water safety engineering construction, should according to the specific situation, set up necessary water purification facilities, provides water water quality standard, health drinking water. At the same time, should establish socialized service system for water quality monitoring, the water supply water quality monitoring, water quality testing services, improve the water quality security system. Water plant to set up laboratory of moderate scale, make water quality of conventional detection.
３.３ 积极引导，多渠道筹资。为解决好群众的饮水安全问题，就必须按照中央、地方和受益群众共同负担，困难大的多补、困难小的少补等原则制定有效的资金筹措计划。按照城乡统筹的科学发展观要求，县、乡两级政府要通过公共财政增加投入，各部门要密切配合，给予一定的扶持引导，确保饮水工程所需资金足额、及时到位；从农村现实情况出发，受益农户也要在负担能力允许的范围内，承担一定的投劳投资责任；通过引入市场机制，多方位吸纳社会资金，建立多元化的投入机制；要设立农村饮水安全工程资金专户，做到专款专用。
3.3 actively guide, multi-channel financing. To solve the drinking water safety problem of the masses, we must according to the central, local and benefit the masses is collective burden, more filling, difficulties small fill less principles of effective financing plan. In accordance with requirements of the scientific concept of development of urban and rural plan as a whole, county and township levels of government to increase public financial investment, all departments should cooperate closely, offer certain support to guide, to ensure the funds required for the drinking water project in full and in place in time; From rural reality, the benefit farmers in affordability allowed within the scope of certain work-relief funds investment responsibility; By introducing market mechanism, multi-azimuth absorb social funds, establish a diversified investment mechanism; To set up a special account for rural drinking water safety project funds, special fund is special.
３.４ 建立科学的水价政策和水费征收体系。水价是乡镇供水事业发展的生命线。水价是否合理，直接影响到投资的来源、工程的建设、运行、管理以及滚动发展。目前我国大部分地区水价过低，水费计收困难，已经成为乡镇供水发展的制约因素之一，因此建立科学的水价政策和水费征收体系刻不容缓。
3.4 set up a scientific system of water policy and water rate. Water is the lifeline of township water supply business development. The source of the water price is reasonable, will directly affect the investment, engineering construction, operation, management, and rolling development. At present our country most of the regional water price is too low, a water fee collecting difficulties, has become one of the restricting factors of township water supply, so establish scientific water price policy and water fee collection system is urgently needed.
科学的水价政策首先应能保证供水成本的回收，这是维持工程简单再生产所必须的。在向社会筹集工程建设资金的情况下，水价还必须包括税金和利润。另外，水价政策应遵循超额用水累进加价的原则，以经济手段限制用水的浪费。
Scientific water price policy, first of all, should be able to guarantee the water supply cost recovery, it is necessary to maintain simple reproduction engineering. In the case of to raise construction funds from the society, water price must also include taxes and profits. In addition, water price policy should follow the principle of progressive surcharges excess water, waste water restrictions by economic means.
３.５ 加强质量监督，确保工程早日发挥效益。农村供水工程是农村重要的基础设施，其质量直接关系到农村居民的饮水安全。农村集中式供水工程的施工，应由水利部门通过招投标确定符合条件的施工单位和监理单位；规模较小的工程，条件不具备时，可由有类似工程经验的单位承担施工。施工前，应进行施工组织设计、编制施工方案、建立质量管理体系，明确施工质量负责人和施工安全负责人，经批准取得施工许可证和安全生产许可证后，方可实施。施工过程中，应作好材料设备、隐蔽工程等中间阶段的质量验收，作好材料设备采购、设计变更验收等记录。施工单位应按设计图纸和技术要求进行施工，需要变更设计时，应征得建设单位同意，由设计单位负责完成。通过层层管理，确保工程持久发挥效益。
3.5 to strengthen the administration of quality supervision, to ensure that the project use at an early date. Rural water supply project is an important infrastructure of rural, rural residents is directly related to the quality of drinking water safety. Rural centralized water supply project construction, shall be fixed through bidding by the water conservancy department qualified construction units and supervision units; Smaller projects, when conditions do not have, can be borne by the unit with experience of the similar engineering construction. Before construction, should carry on the construction organization design, construction scheme, set up quality management system, a clear head, head of the construction quality and construction safety, the approved after obtained the construction permit and safety production license, before implementation. Construction process, should be prepared materials equipment, take cover engineering, such as the quality inspection of intermediate stage, prepare materials, equipment procurement, such as design change acceptance records. Construction unit should according to the design drawings and technical requirements for construction, need to change design, apply for permission of construction unit, the design unit is responsible for the complete. Through the layers of management, ensure the effective project.