【论文摘要】：现代设计理论为园林设计开辟了一个全新的时代，引入了新的理念与设计方式。现代园林设计要求必须在深入了解现代设计理论内涵及原则的前提下，来进行园林的设计。本文通过对现代设计理论的原则及若干种现代设计方式在园林设计中的应用，来进行全面的探讨及分析，希望能够给园林设计者带来工作上的帮助。
【 abstract 】 : modern design theory for the landscape design has opened up a new era, introduces a new concept and design method. Modern landscape design requirements must be in the deep understanding of modern design theory connotation and principles under the premise of to landscape design. This article through to the modern design theory and the principle of several kinds of modern design method in the application of landscape design, to fully discussed and analysis, hoping to bring garden designers help at work.
一、现代设计理论的原则
One, the principles of modern design theory
新形势下现代设计理论的原则有以下几个内容：
Under the new situation of modern design theory of the principle has the following contents:
1.1以功能作为设计最主要的原则，现代的设计思想是以人为最终的服务目标，现代的设计理论就是功能主义。在现代设计理论思想的要求下必须把设计逐渐转为功能主义的形式，要注重强调功能第一的主导思想。
1.1 in order to function as the design of the main principles and design ideas of modern human is the ultimate service goal, modern design theory is functional. At the request of the modern design theory thoughts must put design into functional forms gradually, to pay attention to the dominant idea emphasizes the function first.
1.2为大众服务的思想，设计的本质理念是服务，不需要追求过多形式化的东西，而是要强调服务的内涵。
1.2 designed for the thought of the public service, is the idea of the nature of the service, do not need to pursue too much formal things, but to emphasize service connotation.
1.3简洁实用，现代的设计理论要求剥除原有的设计形态及特征，运用基础的几何单体，形成简洁实用的设计。
1.3 is concise and practical, modern design theory requires removal of the original design form and characteristics, using the basic geometry of the monomer, the form of concise and practical design.
1.4技术和艺术相互结合的本质内涵，现代设计理论提出了很多创新的思想。技术要和艺术相结合，在遵循自然的客观原则下，实现工艺美术的改革。
1.4 technical and artistic combination of essential connotation, modern design theory put forward many innovative ideas. Technology must be combined and art, under the following the principle of nature, realize the reform of the arts and crafts.
二、现代设计理论三大构成因素在园林设计中的应用
Second, the theory of modern design the application of the three factors in garden design
色彩构成、平面构成、立体构成不仅是设计的构成因素，而且也是设计的核心元素，是设计的实际表现形式。这三大构成元素在园林设计时，可以独立运用，也可以结合运用。
Color composition, plane composition, three-dimensional construction is not only the factors of design, and is a core element in design, is the actual form of the design. These three elements in landscape design, can be used independently, can also be combined with use.
2．1色彩在现代园林设计中的应用
2.1 the application of color in modern landscape design
色彩在园林设计中应用的理论基础是因为在面对色彩会产生同样的心理方面及感应。
Theoretical basis of color in landscape design applications because in the face of color will have the same psychological and induction.
2．1．1色彩的轻重感在园林设计中的应用
2.1.1 colorific weight feeling application in landscape design
浅色的事物显得轻盈，重色的事物显得沉重，在园林设计中一定要把握色彩的轻重感，才能体现设计的主题。轻重感的规律包括：白(轻)<高明度<中明度({氐明度<(重)黑；低纯度(轻)<中纯度<(重)高纯度。高明度的浅色系显得轻快，低明度的深色系显得稳重，在色彩的搭配与设计上一定要注意整体的协调性。
Light color is light, heavy color of things seem to be heavy, must hold the weight of the color in the landscape design, to reflect the theme of the design. Sense of seriousness of law include: white (light) < < tall lightness of lightness ({di < lightness (heavy) black; low purity (light) in the < < high purity (heavy). Tall lightness appears light light color fastens, appear sedate and low lightness of brunet department must pay attention to on colorific collocation and design the overall coordination.
2．1．2冷暖色系在园林设计中的应用
2.1.2 warm and cool color application in landscape design
在现代设计学中，色彩可以分为暖色及冷色系。暖色系可以充分展现热烈愉快的氛围，进行园林设计时一般适用在庆典等场面。例如：在广场入口设置颜色鲜艳的大型花柱，拱托欢愉的气氛。冷色系则是突出宁静与肃穆的氛围。例如：建筑物的顶部以蓝为主色调，配以白色，可以营造肃穆的氛围。
In the modern design, color can be divided into warm color and cool color department. Warm color department can fully show a warm pleasant atmosphere, for landscape design usually used in celebrations, etc. For example: set colors bright-coloured big style, the entrance of the square arch supporting the atmosphere of joy. Cool color department is quiet and solemn atmosphere. For example: the top of the buildings in blue color, match with white, can create a solemn atmosphere.
2．1．3色彩忧郁和明快感在园林设计中的应用
2.1.3 colour blue and lively sense of application in landscape design
纯度与明度是是色彩产生忧郁或明快感的主要因素。明度较高的颜色搭配可以很容易获得明快感，而明度较低的颜色搭配就会引发忧郁感。在选择园林设计的整体感觉时，要着重把握颜色对比度高低所产生的明快及忧郁感，这样才能充分体现园林设计的内涵。
The purity and lightness is produced is colour blue or vivid sense of the main factors. The color with taller lightness can be easily obtained and lively feeling, and the color with low lightness can trigger depression. When choosing the overall feel of the landscape design, emphasize the color produced by high and low contrast with its lively and depression, so as to fully embody the connotation of landscape design.
2．2平面构成在园林设计中的应用
2.2 planar formation application in landscape design
平面构成属于视觉语言中的一种，是知觉和视觉共同作用产生的。平面构成的原理是指将设计中的若干因素，在逻辑推理的研究下进行构思，整合成为预期画面的过程。点、线、面都是属于平面构成的因素。
Planar formation belongs to one of the visual language, is a common effect produced by the perception and vision. Planar formation refers to the design of a number of factors, the principle of the idea, under the logic research into expected image process. Dot, line, face is belonging to planar formation factors.
2．2．1点在园林设计中的应用
2.2.1 point application in landscape design
点虽然在平面构成的实际体现中只具有较小的面积，但是它的形状具有很强的多边性。点的聚集性可以极易获取目光的焦点，在园林设计中可以把点当做整体构成的视觉向心点或焦点，以实现突出主题或创造意境的根本目的。例如：在林间小道的尽头设置凉亭，在假山阶梯的尽头设置彩门，这一种突出点的形式可以迅速获取视觉的焦点。点的设置及组合是构成园林设计韵律及节奏的构成因素。在进行园林设计时运用点的差异性组合，可以构构造出富有韵律及节奏的意境。例如排列整齐的树木，可以体现秩序井然的意境。
Point while in the actual embodiment of planar only has a small area, but its shape has a strong multilateral. Points of clustering can be easy to get attention, in landscape design can make point of visual elements in the whole radial point or focus, in order to realize the highlight the fundamental purpose of theme or create artistic conception. For example: set the pavilion at the end of the tree-lined paths, setting decorated gateway at the end of the stair of rockery, that the form of a prominent point can quickly get visual focus. Point setting and combination is a landscape design factors of rhyme and rhythm. In the landscape design use point difference combination, can construct rich rhythm and rhythm of the artistic conception. The neat rows of trees, for example, can embody the artistic conception of orderly.
2．2．2线在园林设计中的应用
2.2.2 line application in landscape design
点在发生移动之后产生的轨迹称之为线，是点之间联结的表现形式，线的最突出特征是长度，园林设计中常用的两种线条包括直线和曲线。水平线、垂直线、倾斜线是直线出现的三种形式。直线一般应用在道路绿化带、规则式园林、局部自由式园林的设计中。水平线具有统一、稳定、庄重等的特征。曲线在园林设计中具有很高的应用频率，在园林作品中随处都可以见到曲线的存在。其在园林设计中占据着非常重要的作用，能够最大程度上扩大园林作品的空间及视觉感受。
Points after move trajectory of called line, is the expression of coupling between point, line length, is the most striking feature is commonly used in landscape design of the two lines including straight lines and curves. Horizontal, vertical, inclined line is linear in three forms. Straight line general application of the rules of road green belts, style, local style garden landscape design. Horizontal line has the characteristics of unity, steady, serious, etc. Curve in the landscape design has the very high frequency of application, in the garden works everywhere can see the existence of the curve. It occupies a very important role in landscape design, to maximum extent, to expand the size of the landscape works and visual perception.
2．2．3面在园林设计中的应用
2.2.3 surface application in landscape design
形状不同的线在封闭情况下可以构成具有差异性质的面。几何曲线形平面和直线形平面几何形平面都属于园林设计中经常用到的平面构成因素。几何形平面可以是规则对称的，也可以是不对称散乱的。一般情况下，规则对称的平面都是应用在具有纪念意义园林广场的设计中，如南京中山陵广场及天安门广场。不规则的几何曲线平面可以应用在花坛、街心公园或庭院的设计上。
Different shapes of line in a closed cases, can constitute have difference nature of the surface. Geometric curved shape is flat and straight plane geometric plane belong to the botanical garden is often used in the design of the plane of the component. Rules of geometric plane can be symmetrical, also can is messy. Under normal circumstances, the rules of the symmetry plane is applied in the design of memorial significance garden square, such as sun yat-sen's mausoleum in nanjing square and the tiananmen square. Irregular curve plane geometry can be applied on the design of the flower beds, or courtyard park.
2．3立体构成在园林设计中的应用
2.3 three-dimensional construction application in landscape design
立体构成在设计中也可以称为空间造形，是用来传达视觉的一种设计形式，其传达的信息具有感性的特点。立体造型具有的特点包括：在限定的空间之内、以实体占据空间、结合空间构成全新的意境、产生新的视觉。
Three-dimensional form in design can also be called space shape, are used to convey the visual form of a design, the message has the characteristics of sensibility. Stereo modelling has features including: within a limited amount of space, in a physical space, combined with the space constitute a new artistic conception, produce new visual.
2．3．1粒体在园林设计中的应用
2.3.1 granule application in landscape design
粒体不仅是最小的形体单位，而且包含点的形式特点，粒体在形象的设计上是非常随意的。粒体在进行园林设计时，可以联想为多种形状的树木，如圆球形、伞形花形等，甚至可以联想为圆柱形的。粒体集中起来构成的空间，可以给人享受到轻快、活泼和充满乐趣的氛围感。粒体在园林的设计中虽然占据着很小的空间位置，但是却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。
Granule is not only the smallest physical unit, and consists of points in the form of a characteristic of granule on the design of the image is very casual. Granule in the landscape design, to think for a variety of shapes of trees, is like a round ball, umbellate flowers shape, etc., can even lenovo is cylindrical. Granule together constitute the space, can give a person enjoy brisk, lively and full of fun atmosphere. Granule in the design of garden while occupying small space, but it can have the effect that make the finishing point.
2．3．2_线体的在园林设计中的应用
2.3.2 _ line body of application in landscape design
平面线条的三维化形式称为线体，线体不仅包含平面线全部的特征，而且的还拥有自身独特的形式。线体可以由不同的形态来组成，其展现出来的视觉效果也是迥异的。在设计园林的时候要了解其构成原理，遵循均衡和对称的原则。左右、上下及放射形对称是园林设计中的三种对称方式。在设计园林时要注意左右及上下的对称方式是把物体的中心线当做对称轴，而放射形对称却是以物体中心来向四周发射的形式设计的，如伞亭及风车。
Three-dimensional form of the line called a plane body, the line body plane line not only contains all the features, but also has its own unique form. Line body can be composed of different forms, the visual effect of its display is also different. When designing gardens to understand its composition principle, follow the principle of balance and symmetry. Left and right, up and down, radiate symmetrical is three symmetrical ways of landscape design. When designing gardens symmetrical way to pay attention to the left and right and up and down is the center line as axis of symmetry of the object, and radiate symmetrical is designed in the form of objects around the center to launch, such as umbrella pavilion and windmills.
2．3．3面体在园林设计中的应用
2.3.3 icosahedron application in landscape design
面体是一种可以对空间进行限定的立体构成方式，曲面或平面空间是线体的两种体现形式。因为面体可以展现各种形式的状态，所以空间的限定及构成也随之展现多种形态。在设计园林时，若把握好面体的运用，就可以营造出很多种形式、意境及空间。以面体来作为创造空间的因素时，在确定单位面体的正面形态及厚度以后，把若干个单位面体组合到统一的空间里。在进行组合单位面体的时候，要特别注意以下几个问题：要在预期目标的要求下，协调好各单位面体之间的相互联系，确保能够获得最好的效果。例如：各山的位置及大小的安排，草地、池塘、凉亭在整体园林中所占的比例。
Surface is a kind of body can be to a limited amount of space three-dimensional structure mode, surface or plane space is the line of the two kinds of forms. Because the surface of body can show various forms of state, so the space is limited and composition of showing a variety of forms. When designing gardens, if hold good sides apply, can create a variety of forms, artistic conception and space. Surface body as to the creation of space factors, in determining the unit after the front of the plane body form and thickness, the number of unit surface body combination to the unity of space. Are combined in the unit surface of the body, paying special attention to the following questions: at the request of the anticipated target, coordinate between each unit surface body contact, make sure you are able to obtain the best results. For example: the arrangement of the location and size of each mountain, grassland, ponds, pavilions in the proportion of the overall landscape architecture.
3.结束语
3. The last word
园林设计中的三大构成因素之间存在着非常密切的联系，平面构成是园林设计的基础元素，在平面构成的基础上进一步形成了立体构成，再运用色彩来体现设计的主旨；色彩是平面构成及立体构成的表现形式，而立体构成又是色彩和平面构成更深层次的递进，三个构成因素之间相互促进形成了丰富的立体空间。在进行园林的设计时，一定要在充分掌握三大构成因素原理的前提下，综合运用它们之间的联系，使其潜在的能力能够得到发挥，为我国的园林建设提供支持。
Exist among the three major factors in the design of landscape is very closely linked, planar is the foundation of the landscape design elements, on the basis of the planar formation forms a solid composition further, then use colour to reflect the subject of the design; Color is composed of planar and three-dimensional forms, and the three-dimensional form and colour and plane forming at a deeper level, promote each other between three factors formed a rich in three-dimensional space. In the landscape design, three factors must be fully mastering principle under the premise of the integrated use of the contact between them, make it play, potential ability to be able to get support for our country's landscape construction.